Vitamins and Minerals in a Glass of Milk

Food Science , Health & Biology
Vitamins and Minerals in a Glass of Milk
You may know cow’s milk for its calcium content, but it has much more to offer. Since ancient times, milk has been a mainstay in many diets due to its high minerals & vitamins content and several health advantages. A huge variety of food products are made from cow’s milk, such as cheese, cream, butter, and yogurt.
    But did you know the exact vitamins and minerals that a 250 ml glass of milk contains? Here is a list of all the vitamins and minerals that are contained in this super healthy daily food.
Vitamins and Minerals in a Glass of Milk
Calcium
Calcium is perhaps the most well-known nutrient in milk. A 250ml serving of milk contains about 300mg of calcium, which is approximately 30% of the recommended daily intake for adults. Calcium is essential for developing and maintaining strong bones and teeth. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) highlights that calcium also plays a role in muscle function, nerve signaling, and heart health.

Vitamin D
One of the key nutrients in milk is Vitamin D. Known as the "sunshine vitamin," Vitamin D is crucial for bone health. It helps the body absorb calcium, ensuring that our bones remain strong and healthy. According to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, sufficient Vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis and fractures in older adults.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Riboflavin, or Vitamin B2, is another important nutrient in milk, offering about 0.4 milligrams per 250ml serving. This amounts to around 30% of the daily requirement. Riboflavin helps convert food into energy, making it essential for metabolic processes. It also supports skin health and red blood cell (RBCs) production. The Journal of Nutrition suggests that riboflavin is vital for growth and overall good health.

Vitamin B12
Foods of animal origin are the only rich sources of this essential vitamin. Milk is very high in Vitamin B12, providing about 1.2 micrograms per 250ml serving, which is 50% of the recommended daily intake. Vitamin B12 is vital for maintaining healthy nerve cells and producing DNA. It also plays a significant role in preventing megaloblastic anemia, which can make people tired and weak. Research from Harvard Health indicates that adequate Vitamin B12 levels are crucial for energy production and brain health.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus works with calcium to build strong bones and teeth. A 250ml glass of milk contains approximately 250mg of phosphorus, which is 20% of the daily recommended intake. Beyond bone health, phosphorus is important for producing ATP, the energy currency of our cells, and for maintaining acid-base balance in the body.

Potassium
Potassium is another significant mineral in milk, with a 250ml serving providing about 380mg, or 8% of the daily value. Potassium is crucial for maintaining healthy blood pressure levels, reducing the risk of stroke, and supporting muscle function. The American Heart Association emphasizes the importance of potassium in counteracting the adverse effects of sodium and maintaining cardiovascular health.

Vitamin A
A 250ml glass of milk provides around 150 micrograms of Vitamin A, which is about 20% of the daily recommended intake. Vitamin A is essential for good vision, a healthy immune system, and proper functioning of the heart, lungs, and kidneys. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that Vitamin A is vital for maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes, which act as barriers against infections.

Magnesium
Milk also contains about 24mg of magnesium per 250ml serving. Magnesium is involved in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Research from the National Institutes of Health points to the importance of magnesium in energy production and bone health.
Small levels of additional vitamins and minerals, including zinc, selenium, and niacin, are also present in milk. Because it contains so many different vitamins and minerals, milk is the ideal beverage for overall wellness.

more about Milk proteins, Fat & Carbs
Milk is a rich source of protein — providing approximately 1 gram of this nutrient in each fluid ounce (30 mL), or 8.14 grams in each cup (249 grams).

Proteins in milk can be divided into two groups based on their solubility in water:
  • Insoluble milk proteins are called casein.
  • Soluble milk proteins are known as whey proteins.
Both groups of milk proteins are considered to be of excellent quality, with a high proportion of essential amino acids and good digestibility.

Casein
Casein forms the majority — or 80% — of proteins in milk.
It’s really a family of different proteins, with alpha-casein being the most abundant.
One important property of casein is its ability to increase the absorption of minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus.
It may also promote lower blood pressure.

Whey protein
Whey is another family of proteins, accounting for 20% of the protein content in milk.
It’s particularly rich in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) — such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Whey proteins have been associated with many beneficial health effects, such as decreased blood pressure and improved mood during periods of stress.

Whey protein is excellent for growing and maintaining muscles. As a result, it’s a popular supplement among athletes and bodybuilder.

Milk fat
Whole milk straight from the cow is around 4% fat.
In many countries, marketing of milk is mainly based on fat content. In the United States, whole milk is 3.25% fat, reduced fat milk 2%, and low fat milk 1%.

Milk fat is one of the most complex of all natural fats, containing about 400 different types of fatty acids.
Whole milk is very high in saturated fats, which make up about 70% of its fatty acid content.

Polyunsaturated fats are present in minimal amounts, making up around 2.3% of the total fat content.
Monounsaturated fats make up the rest — about 28% of the total fat content.
In addition, trans fats are naturally found in dairy products.

In contrast to trans fats in processed foods, dairy trans fats — also called ruminant trans fats — are considered beneficial for health.

Milk contains small amounts of trans fats, such as vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).
CLA has attracted considerable attention due to its various possible health benefits — though evidence is still limited.
Some research suggests that CLA supplements may harm metabolism.

Carbs
Carbs in milk are mainly in the form of the simple sugar lactose, which makes up around 5% of milk (13Trusted Source).
In your digestive system, lactose breaks down into glucose and galactose. These are absorbed into your bloodstream, at which point your liver converts galactose into glucose.
Some people lack the enzyme required to break down lactose. This condition is called lactose intolerance — which is discussed later on.


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Being Angry Even For A Few Minutes Can Increase Risk Of Heart Attack And Stroke, Study Finds

Health & Biology ,
Being Angry Even For A Few Minutes Can Increase Risk Of Heart Attack And Stroke, Study Finds
Did you know that when we recall past events that made us angry or Negative emotions such as anger, sadness, and anxiety, our blood vessels undergo a change that could increase the risk of heart attacks?
Feelings of anger and rage have more far-reaching effects than just damaging our mental health as they have been shown to adversely affect the health of our blood vessels, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
angry, for just 8 minutes, increase risk of a heart attack
This result comes from a study in young adults who seemed to be in good health. The participants were asked to think about past experiences that made them angry while various aspects of their circulatory health were measured. Perhaps unsurprisingly, none of them had a heart attack or stroke during this process, but they did experience impaired blood vessel functioning that has been linked to such outcomes.
"There have been some studies in the past that have linked the feelings of anger, the feelings of anxiety, and the feelings of sadness to heart disease risk in the future," said Dr. Daichi Shimbo, the lead author of the study and a professor of medicine in the division of cardiology at Columbia University in New York City.
    Tasks involving sadness and anxiety didn't result in a significant change in those markers compared to the neutral task - but the anger task did, according to Shimbo. "It looks like anger's adverse effects on health and disease may be due to its adverse effects on vascular health ... the blood vessel health itself," he said.
Feelings of anger, adverse effect on the health of a blood vessel
Feelings of anger were proven to have an adverse effect on the health of a blood vessel ( Image: Getty Images/Science Photo Library RF)
While this isn't the first study to link emotions with heart health, it certainly illuminates the mechanisms at play, according to Dr. Joe Ebinger of Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles, who wasn't part of the study team. "This is one of the first well-done randomized studies and placebo-controlled studies has really shown us that there are changes in our vasculature that occur acutely in response to the emotions that we're feeling," Ebinger remarked.
            The study pinpointed three key ways anger can wreak havoc on our blood vessels, noted researcher Shimbo. Anger was found to hinder blood vessels from dilating properly during ischemia, or reduced blood flow, Shimbo explained. It also seemed to interfere with cellular markers related to injury and repair, he added.
        Deborah Ashway, a licensed clinical mental health counselor based in New Bern, North Carolina, suggests asking yourself: "What might be impeding on your energy or thoughts? What are you protecting yourself from? What do you need that isn't being met? " Neither Ford nor Ashway were part of the study.
        Exercise has been shown to alter the brain in ways that benefit heart health, particularly for those suffering from depression. "And then once you're aware of it, you're in control of it. It's no longer going to control you now," Ashway advised, noting that this awareness is the starting point for deciding how to proceed.

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Researchers Finally Confirm That Cancer Is Far More Man-Made Than Previously Thought

Health & Biology ,
Researchers Finally Confirm That Cancer Is Far More Man-Made Than Previously Thought

Did you know that the National Cancer Institute defines cancer as a genetic disease? But don't worry, that doesn't necessarily mean that cancer is always inherited from our parents and passed down to our children. What they really mean is that the growth of cancer cells is caused by changes in our genes that control how cells divide. When our genes are disrupted, cells can grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the development of cancerous tumors. It's important to regulate these processes properly to prevent cancer from developing.

It's easy to assume that cancer is mainly a genetic condition, but that's not entirely accurate. While genetics do play a role in whether or not we develop cancer, it's important to remember that genetics only act as a risk factor, not an absolute cause. In fact, environmental exposures or external factors can actually be the root cause of cancer by damaging our DNA or changing how our genes behave.
    One example of an external factor that can cause cancer is the drug DES or Diethylstilbestrol. From 1938 to 1971, DES was prescribed for female reproductive problems, but later it was found to be a highly carcinogenic drug. Tragically, the carcinogenic effects of DES affected not only the primary users but also their children and grandchildren. 
Women whose mothers were given DES (a synthetic hormone) during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing a rare type of vaginal and cervical cancer called Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA). Men who were exposed to DES in the womb may also have urogenital abnormalities that put them at a higher risk of developing certain types of male cancers, such as testicular cancer.
    It's true that genetics can play a role in cancer, but external factors have a stronger impact than we initially thought.

In a study published in the journal Nature, researchers found that 70 to 90 percent of cancers are due to external factors while only 10 percent can be attributed to intrinsic causes. Some of the cancer types mentioned in the study showed strong associations with external risk factors rather than genetic predispositions. These include the relationship between colorectal cancer and diet, skin cancer and sun exposure, esophageal cancer and smoking, cervical cancer and the human papilloma virus.
By emphasizing the role of external factors in cancer development, we become more aware that the power to prevent cancer is mainly within ourselves. By making smart health decisions and avoiding harmful substances, we can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer.


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Drinking Water on Empty Stomach Immediately After Waking Up!

Health & Biology ,
Drinking Water on Empty Stomach Immediately After Waking Up!
Did you know that Japanese people have a habit of drinking water immediately after waking up. It’s an ancient tradition for healing many diseases that became very popular around World War 2 after being published in a Japanese newspaper. The advantages of drinking water on empty stomach immediately after waking up have been also backed up by many studies. It is a treatment that is proven to give excellent results in fighting many serious diseases.

Drinking Water on Empty Stomach

Some of the difficulties this water treatment can help with are: headache, body aches, heart system, accelerated heart beat, epilepsy, blood fat, bronchitis, asthma, TB, meningitis, kidney disease and urinary tract, vomiting, gastritis, diarrhea, piles, diabetes, constipation, all eye diseases, diseases of the uterus, menstrual disorders, diseases of the ear, nose and throat.

THIS IS HOW TO DO PERFORM THE WATER THERAPY:

  • As soon as you wake up in the morning, before brushing your teeth, drink 4 glasses (200 ml) of water.
  • Wash your teeth, but do not eat nor drink anything in the next 45 minutes.
  • After 45 minutes you can eat and drink as you would every day.
  • After your breakfast, lunch or dinner do not eat or drink anything for the next two hours.
  • Those that are old and sick and unable to drink 4 glasses of water on an empty stomach, can begin with drinking water as much as they can, and then each day increase the amount until they reach the required 4 glasses of water .
  • This method will help with many diseases, and a healthy person will enjoy the new energy acquired from the water therapy.
As the story goes, doing this method has the power to heal high blood pressure in 30 days, gastritis in 10 days, diabetes in 30 days, constipation in 10 days and will also make you feel much more energized and improve your entire body function.
This method should not only be used for helping with some of the diseases above, but should also be implemented as a part of your life. It has no side effects at all and it has the power to do wonders for your Health.


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The Benefits of Online Learning: How Technology is Transforming Education.

e-learning , Education
The Benefits of Online Learning: How Technology is Transforming Education.
In recent years, technology has revolutionized various aspects of our lives, and one area that has experienced significant transformation is education. Online learning, also known as e-learning, has emerged as a powerful tool in the educational landscape, offering numerous benefits for both students and educators. With the proliferation of internet access and the advancement of digital tools, online learning has become increasingly accessible and effective. In this article, we will explore the advantages of online learning and how technology is transforming education.

Online Learning, Benefits, Technology, Transforming Education



Flexibility and Accessibility:

One of the most significant benefits of online learning is the flexibility it provides. Traditional classroom settings often require students to adhere to rigid schedules, making it challenging for individuals with other commitments such as work or family obligations. Online learning allows students to access course materials and lectures at their convenience, enabling them to create a personalized learning schedule that fits their needs. This flexibility is particularly advantageous for non-traditional learners, such as adult students or those in remote areas, who may face obstacles in attending physical classes.

Furthermore, online learning promotes accessibility by eliminating geographical barriers. With the internet, students can access educational resources from anywhere in the world. This opens up a world of opportunities for individuals in underserved areas or those who cannot physically attend educational institutions. Online courses also cater to students with disabilities, providing accommodations and alternative formats for learning materials, ensuring inclusivity and equal access to education for all.

Diverse Learning Formats:

Online learning offers a wide range of learning formats that cater to different learning styles. Through multimedia elements such as videos, interactive quizzes, and gamified content, students can engage with the material in a variety of ways. This diversity in learning formats enhances understanding and retention, as students can choose the methods that work best for them. Additionally, online learning platforms often incorporate collaborative tools, allowing students to interact with their peers and participate in group projects virtually, fostering a sense of community and teamwork.

Personalized Learning Experience:

Technology in online learning enables personalized learning experiences tailored to individual needs and preferences. Adaptive learning systems use algorithms to assess a student's progress and provide customized recommendations and feedback. This individualized approach helps students focus on areas where they need improvement and progress at their own pace. Personalized learning not only boosts student engagement but also promotes better knowledge retention and academic performance.

Lifelong Learning and Skill Development:

Online learning has become a valuable resource for lifelong learning and skill development. With rapidly evolving industries and technological advancements, continuous learning has become crucial to remain competitive in the job market. Online courses offer opportunities for professionals to upskill or reskill, allowing them to stay relevant in their fields or explore new career paths. The flexibility of online learning enables individuals to pursue education while working, making it easier to balance professional and personal responsibilities.

Cost-Effectiveness:

Online learning often proves to be more cost-effective compared to traditional education. It eliminates the need for commuting, accommodation, and expensive textbooks, resulting in significant savings. Many online courses and educational platforms also offer free or affordable alternatives, making education more accessible to a broader audience. Furthermore, online learning reduces the strain on educational institutions, as it can accommodate larger numbers of students without the need for additional physical infrastructure.

Global Networking and Collaboration:

Online learning breaks down geographical barriers and creates opportunities for global networking and collaboration. Students from different parts of the world can interact, exchange ideas, and work on projects together. This exposure to diverse perspectives and cultures enhances the learning experience and fosters a global mindset. Furthermore, online platforms often connect learners with industry professionals, mentors, and experts, enabling valuable networking opportunities that can lead to internships, job placements, or collaborations.

In conclusion, online learning, powered by technology, has revolutionized education in numerous ways. Its flexibility, accessibility, and diverse learning formats make it a compelling alternative to traditional classroom settings. The personalized learning experience, emphasis on lifelong learning, cost-effectiveness, and global networking opportunities further contribute to its appeal. As technology continues to advance, online learning will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in transforming education and making quality learning experiences accessible to a wider audience.



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Medical Science and Its Branches

Medical , Study Guides
Medical Science and Its Branches
Introduction to  Medical Science

Health is one of  the biggest point of the human race. Medicine is the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. It is the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease.

The science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease.

The field of medical science is a vital and ever changing one. Science diseases are always changing medical scientist must keep their eyes peeled for any virus or bacteria that could threaten people. The branch of science concerned with the study of the diagnosis treatment and prevention of  disease study is of medical science.
Medical Science
Medical science covers many subjects which try to explain how the human body works. Starting with basic biology it is generally divided into areas of specialisation such as anatomy, physiology and pathology with some biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology and genetics. Students and practitioners of holistic models of health also recognise the importance of the mind-body connection and the importance of nutrition.

The Branches of medical sciences:

1. HA
2. PCL Nurshing                                    6. Dental
3. Radiography                                       7. BAC nurshing
4. Lab Technican                                     8. MBBS                                      
5. LAB Assistant                                     9. CMA                                                     
10. ANM                                               

Short Definition of varied branches of medical science:

1.HA(Health assistance) 
Health Care Assistants, also known as nursing assistants, auxiliary nurses, or support workers, provide care to patients in hospitals or other medical settings. Assistants are under the direction of a qualified professional, and they work closely with patients to ensure their comfort and safety.

2. PCL Nurshing 
PCL nursing is one of the prominent and popular disciplines within the Nursing profession. The nursing profession has been helping the world for the all-round development of health and it has also been creating salary base employment and self employment opportunities in public and private sectors.

3. Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation ... CT exams are generally short, most lasting only as long as a breath-hold, Contrast agents are also often used, ... Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has long ...

4. Medical laboratory assistants work under supervision of the biomedical scientist and carry out basic laboratory procedures. They work in the pre-analytical handling of samples such as checking the details of specimens received for analysis, maintain.ning analysers, loading reagents, and packaging specimens.

5. Lab technicians are skilled workers that work with complex systems or perform highly technical mechanical or diagnostic tests in medical or scientific laboratories. ... Examples of lab technicians include dental lab technicians, medical and clinical lab technicians, ophthalmic lab technicians and dental lab technicians.

6. Definition of dental (Entry 1 of 2) 1 : of or relating to the teeth or dentistry. 2 : articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue against or near the upper front teeth. dental.

7. Introduction of MBBS:  The MBBS program stands for the program of “Medical Bachelor and Bachelor of Surgery”. ... This is an interdisciplinary group who focuses on the needs of today's MBBS students and the requirements of tomorrow's doctors in the changing healthcare environment.
8. Auxiliary nurse midwife(ANM). Auxiliary nurse midwife, commonly known as ANM, is a village-level female health worker in India who is known as the first contact person between the community and the health services. ... Their services are considered important to provide safe and effective care to village communities.

9. Certified Medical Assistant Medical assisting is one of the fastest growing careers in healthcare. ... This means that many medical assistants are now deciding to become certified since the Certified Medical Assistant (CMA) credential represents the highest standard of professionalism in the field.

10. Pharmacy: Pharmacy is a branch of pharmacology which deals with collection, preparation, standardization, compounding and dispensing of drugs in such a way so as to make the medication suitable for easy, effective and palatable administration in the treatment of a disease.



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Unimpressed by online classes, college students seek refunds

Abroad Study , Online Class
Unimpressed by online classes, college students seek refunds

ASSOCIATED PRESS
They wanted the campus experience, but their colleges sent them home to learn online during the coronavirus pandemic. Now, students at more than 25 US universities are filing lawsuits against their schools demanding partial refunds on tuition and campus fees, saying they’re not getting the caliber of education they were promised.

 The suits reflect students’ growing frustration with online classes that schools scrambled to create as the coronavirus forced campuses across the nation to close last month. The suits say students should pay lower rates for the portion of the term that was offered online, arguing that the quality of instruction is far below the classroom experience.

Colleges, though, reject the idea that refunds are in order. Students are learning from the same professors who teach on campus, officials have said, and they’re still earning credits toward their degrees. Schools insist that, after being forced to close by their states, they’re still offering students a quality education.


Grainger Rickenbaker, a freshman who filed a class-action lawsuit against Drexel University in Philadelphia, said the online classes he’s been taking are poor substitutes for classroom learning. There’s little interaction with students or professors, he said, and some classes are being taught almost entirely through recorded videos, with no live lecture or discussion.

“You just feel a little bit diminished,” said Rickenbaker, 21, of Charleston, South Carolina. “It’s just not the same experience I would be getting if I was at the campus.”

Other students report similar experiences elsewhere. A complaint against the University of California, Berkeley, says some professors are simply uploading assignments, with no video instruction at all. A case against Vanderbilt University says class discussion has been stymied and the “quality and academic rigor of courses has significantly decreased.”



In a case against Purdue University, a senior engineering student said the closure has prevented him from finishing his senior project, building an airplane. “No online course can simulate the applicable, real-world experience” he hoped to gain from the project, the complaint says.

Class-action lawsuits demanding tuition refunds have been filed against at least 26 colleges, targeting prestigious private universities, including Brown, Columbia and Cornell, along with big public schools, including Michigan State, Purdue and the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Some of the suits draw attention to schools’ large financial reserves, saying colleges are unfairly withholding refunds even while they rest on endowments that often surpass $1 billion. Several colleges declined to comment on the lawsuits, but some said students have continued to get what they paid for.

Ken McConnellogue, a spokesman for the University of Colorado, said it’s disappointing that people have been so quick to file lawsuits only weeks into the pandemic. He said the suits appear to be driven by a small number of “opportunistic” law firms.

“Our faculty have been working extremely hard to deliver an academic product that’s got the same high standards, high-quality academic rigor as what they would deliver in the classroom,” he said. “It’s different, no doubt. And it’s not ideal. We all would prefer to have students on our campuses, but at the same time, we’re in the middle of a global pandemic here.”

Officials at Michigan State said students are still taking classes taught by qualified faculty, and the school is still offering tutoring services, academic advising, faculty office hours and library services.

“We don’t negate that this has been a difficult time for our university, especially for our students,” Emily Guerrant, a Michigan State spokeswoman, said in a statement. The school has taken on new costs to move instruction online, she added, but “we have maintained our commitment to providing meaningful and robust learning experiences at no additional cost to our Spartans.”
Officials at Drexel University said the school has continued to provide a “broad spectrum of academic offerings and support” while students learn remotely.
Lawyers representing students, however, say the refunds are a matter of fairness.

“You cannot keep money for services and access if you aren’t actually providing it,” said Roy Willey, a lawyer for the Anastopoulo Law Firm in South Carolina, which is representing students in more than a dozen cases. “If we’re truly going to be all in this together, the universities have to tighten their belts and refund the money back to students and families who really need it.”

Willey said his office has received hundreds of inquiries from students looking to file suits, and his firm is looking into dozens of possible cases. Other firms taking on similar cases say they’re also seeing a wave of demand from students and parents who say they deserve refunds.

Along with tuition, the cases also seek refunds for fees that students paid to access gyms, libraries, labs and other buildings that are now closed. All told, the complaints seek refunds that could add up to several thousand dollars per student at some schools.

The lawsuits ask courts to answer a thorny question that has come to the fore as universities shift classes online: whether there’s a difference in value between online instruction and the traditional classroom. Proponents of online education say it can be just as effective, and universities say they’ve done everything they can to create rigorous online classes in a matter of weeks.

But some of the complaints maintain that the college experience is about more than course credits. They say there’s value to the personal interaction students get with faculty and classmates, both in the classroom and out. Willey adds that colleges themselves often charge lower rates for online classes, which he says is a reflection of their value.

“The tuition price speaks for itself,” he said. “These students decided to go to in-person, on-campus universities. They could have chosen to go to online colleges and earn their degree that way, but they didn’t.”

Even before the first lawsuits were filed, demands for tuition refunds had been spreading. Students at dozens of schools have started petitions calling for refunds as online classes left them underwhelmed. Scores of schools have returned portions of housing and dining fees, but few if any have agreed to return any share of tuition.

At the University of Chicago, hundreds of students signed a letter saying they will refuse to pay this term’s tuition, which was due April 29, unless the school reduces tuition by 50% and keeps it at that level during the crisis.

Colleges counter that the coronavirus has put them under sharp financial strain, too. Some estimate that they could lose up to $1 billion this year as they brace for downturns in student enrollment, state funding and research grants. Some have already announced layoffs and furloughs as they work to offset losses.

But the lawsuits say it’s not fair to pass those losses on to students. Jennifer Kraus-Czeisler, a lawyer for the New York firm Milberg Phillips Grossman, which is representing several students, said colleges have a duty to return fees for services they aren’t providing.

“We’re not disparaging the schools for closing. They did what was appropriate,” she said. “But they’re profiting at the expense of students. It just seems unconscionable.”


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DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES

Research and Thesis Solutions , Research Guides
DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES
DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES 
Theories are not discovered, they are created. A set of observable facts may exist, but they do not become a theory unless someone has the insight to understand the relevance of the observed information and pulls the facts together to make sense of them.
Certainly, many people observed apples falling from trees before Newton was stimulated to consider the force of gravity. Theories can be developed using inductive or deductive processes.

Inductive Theories

Inductive theories are data based and evolve through a process of inductive reasoning, beginning with empirically verifiable observations. Through multiple investigations and observations, researchers determine those variables that are related to a specific phenomenon and those that are not.



The patterns that emerge from these studies are developed into a systematic conceptual framework, which forms the basis for generalizations.
This process involves a degree of abstraction and imagination, as ideas are manipulated and concepts reorganized, until some structural pattern is evident in their relationship.


Deductive Theories



The alternative approach to theory building is the intuitive approach, whereby a theory is developed on the basis of great insight and intuitive understanding of an event and the variables most likely to impact on that event.

This type of theory, called a hypothetical deductive theory, is developed with few or no prior observations, and often requires the generation of new concepts to provide adequate explanation. Freud's theory of personality fits this definition. It required that he create concepts such as "id," "ego" and "superego" to explain psychological interactions and motivations.
Because they are not developed from existing facts, hypothetical-deductive theories must be continually tested in the "real world" to develop a database that will support them. Einstein's theory of relativity is an excellent example of this type of theory; it was first advanced in 1905 and is still being tested and refined through research today.

Most theories are formulated using a combination of both inductive and hypothetical deductive processes. Observations initiate the theoretical premise, and then hypotheses derived from the theory are tested.

As researchers go back and forth in the process of building and testing the theory, concepts are redefined and restructured. This process occurs along a circular continuum between fact and theory, whereby a theory can be built on facts, but must also be tested by them.


CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORIES


A theory should provide a thorough and rational explanation of observed facts. It should provide a basis for classifying relevant variables and predicting their relationships.

A theory should also provide a means for its own verification; that is, it should be sufficiently developed and clear enough to permit deductions that form testable hypotheses.

A Good Theory Is Economical. It should be the most efficient explanation of the phenomenon, using only those concepts that are truly relevant and necessary to the explanation offered by the theory.




Complex theories are difficult to interpret and less likely to provide meaningful direction to practice or research. Theories are also most useful when they apply to a broad range of situations, not one specific segment of a discipline.

A Theory Should Be Important. It should reflect that which is judged significant by those who will use it. In this sense, theories become the mirror of a profession's values and identity.

Acceptance of Theory Can Change. Theories must be consistent with observed facts and the already established body of knowledge. Therefore, our acceptance of a particular theory will reflect the present state of knowledge and must adapt to changes in that knowledge as technology and scientific evidence improve.

Therefore, a theory is only a tentative explanation of phenomena. It should be reasonable according to what has been observed, but may not be the only explanation. Many theories that are accepted today will be discarded tomorrow.
Some will be "disproved" by new evidence, and others may be superseded by new theories that integrate the older ones.
For example, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences challenged long-held assumptions about general intelligence and the ability to measure it with a single score, such as an IQ test.

He proposes eight distinct intelligences and suggests that different cultures will perceive these differently.


Theory Testing



When we speak of testing a theory, we should realize that a theory itself is not testable. The validity of a theory is derived through the empirical testing of hypotheses that are deduced from it and from observation of the phenomenon the theory describes.

The hypotheses predict the relationships of variables included in the theory. The results of research will demonstrate certain facts, which will either support or not support the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is supported, then the theory from which it was deduced is also supported.

When we compare the outcomes of individual research studies with predicted outcomes, we are always aware of the potential for dis-confirmation of the underlying theory. In essence, the more that research does not dis-confirm a theory, the more the theory is supported.



This may sound backwards, but in actuality we can never "prove" or "confirm" a theory. We can only demonstrate that a theoretical premise does not hold true in a specific situation.

When a research hypothesis is tested and it is not rejected, that is, the study turns out the way we expected, we cannot state that the underlying theory is definitely true.

To make such a statement, we would have to verify every possible application of the theory and demonstrate that the outcomes were absolutely consistent. As this is not feasible, we can only interpret individual hypotheses and conclude that a theory has not been disproved.


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International Students are facing issues regarding AIBT’s registration in Australia

Abroad Study , Australia
International Students are facing issues regarding AIBT’s registration in Australia
Rajesh Pudasaini
B.Sc. CSIT:


International Students from Sydney and Brisbane is facing some issues after The National regulator for Australia’s vocational education and training sector cancel the registration of Australia Institute of Business and Technology (AIBT) for breaching the several conditions. 
Hundreds of students are facing serious problem after they get the news of their college regarding graduate certification and job in their study fields. Students are now heading to the respective embassy for the solution or for any positive results.
AIBT is running the academic program of Diploma in Nursing without registering it into the Australian Nursing & Midwifery Accreditation council, which is illegal. So, the students who are graduating from this institution might not get a chance of free placement in nearest Nursing home. As the certificate from this college is not approved in fields. But according to the rule of every Nursing colleges of Australia, it is must to place the students for the respective colleges to the nearest Nursing Home, after they graduate.
AIBT already hired the senior lawyers and counsel to solve the case and AIBT is not moving down until and unless Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) did not finalized their decision.


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